16th C: COUNTER REFORMATION ROME 402 #17

1512 LATERAN COUNCIL in Rome first since conciliar movement
decrees against simony (buying, selling church offices)
multiple benefices, moral corruption of clergy
1517 adjourned by Leo X Medici “God has given us the Papacy, now let us enjoy it.”

1537 Advice on Reforming the Church
commission on state of church appointed by Pope Paul III (Farnese)
attack on non-resident benefices, simony; call for education of clergy
denunciation of city of Rome as “brothel”

COUNTER REFORMATION INSTITUTIONS:

1)  SOCIETY OF JESUS, OR JESUIT ORDER (S.J.)
founded by Ignatius Loyola, Spanish Basque nobleman
1521 wounded at siege of Pamplona (Hapsburg-Valois wars)- conversion
1534 vow of Montmartre: poverty, chastity and obedience to Pope
1540 Regimini militantis ecclesiae: Papal bull approving the new order
1541 Spiritual Exercises program of spiritual self-discipline, build up free will
Goals: education of elites; reconversion of Europe (Poland, Hungary),
missionary activity Asia (India, Japan, China) & Latin America
Rome: Church of Il Gesù first Jesuit Church, followed by Church of St. Ignatius

2) COUNCIL OF TRENT 1545-63 reform Church in response to Protestant Reformation
general council, called by Pope Paul III (Farnese)
attendance: 270 Bishops (187 Italian, 31 Spanish, 26 French, 2 German)
voting members: Bishops, Archbishops, Cardinals, heads of religious orders
consultants (non-voting): theologians & canon lawyers (Dominicans & Jesuits)
Tridentine decrees: reaffirmation of papal authority
reform osf abuses such as simony, multiple benefices
religious education for clergy (seminaries) and laity (catechism)
doctrinal definitions: anti-Lutheran positions
authority: Scripture plus tradition (Scripture as Latin Vulgate Bible, not Greek NT)
salvation: through faith and works
traditional practices: sacraments, saints, purgatory, relics, indulgences, celibacy

3) ROMAN INQUISITION: jurisdiction in Italy 1542 to 1790 (suppressed by Napoleon)
        founded in 1540’s by Gian Pietro Carafa  (later Pope Paul IV 1555-1559)
        modeled on Spanish Inquisition (founded in 1478)
1542 Licet ab initio papal bull creating Roman Inquisition:
directed against Protestant heretics:   Lutherans, Calvinists, Anabaptists
1566 Michel Ghislieri, second head Inquisitor to become as Pope Pius V
        famous trials: 
                    Giordano Bruno 1598-1600:  heresy of plurality of worlds
                    Galileo Galilei 1633  charges: Copernicanism as heresy (geocentrism)
                      following 1632 publication of his  Diaologues on the Two Chief World Systems

4) INDEX OF FORBIDDEN BOOKS  1559-1965
            compiled by Roman Inquisition under Michel Ghislieri:
pre-publication censorship of all books published in Italy
“Imprimatur” = “It may be printed.” Nihil obstat “Nothing stands in the way.”
Reformation writers put on the Index, including Erasmus; later Enlightenment writers
            abolished by 20th C. Vatican II Council 1962-65